Zomwe zimayambitsa chitetezo ku USA.
Boma la USA zopereka kuthawira ndale kwa nzika ndani angasonyeze kuti akuopa kubwerera kwawo , chifukwa ali ndi mantha oyenera kuzunzidwa . Nzika zitha kukhalanso ndi ufulu wolandila ndale ngati, m'mbuyomu, adayenera kuchoka kwawo chifukwa chakuzunzidwa.
Kwa chaka chimodzi, atalandira chitetezo ku United States, nzika zitha kulembetsa khadi yobiriwira , zomwe zimawapatsa mwayi wokhala kwamuyaya. Kuti alandire chitetezo ku USA, nzika iyenera kulumikizana ndi a Immigration Service ( USCIS ) ndikunyamula fomu yofunsira nawo.
Mukayang'anitsitsa mlandu wanu, mudzalandira chisankho chomwe chingakhale cholakwika kapena chabwino. Ngati yankho ndi lakuti ayi, nzikayo itha kukadandaula kubwalo lamilandu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti pali zifukwa zakuthawira ndale.
Mukamapeza chitetezo chazandale, muyenera kutsimikizira anthu othawa kwawo kapena woweruza, yemwe ali pachiwopsezo, yemwe anazunzidwa asanayambe ntchitoyo, kapena amene ali pachiwopsezo chodzakhala mmodzi mtsogolo. Komabe, chiwopsezo kapena lipoti la chizunzo liyenera kutsimikiziridwa polemba kuti likhale umboni wamtsogolo.
Pakuwopseza kuzunzidwa, zikutanthauza kuthekera kovulaza kapena kuba, kumangidwa, kumangidwa ndikumuwopseza kuti aphedwa. Chifukwa china chofunsira kutetezedwa pandale chikhoza kukhala kuchotsedwa ntchito, kuchotsedwa sukulu, kusowa nyumba, katundu wina, komanso zina kuphwanya ufulu .
Mukapempha kuti mutetezedwe ku United States, muyenera kufotokoza, kutsimikizira kuyambika kwa chizunzo. Gwero ili litha kukhala boma lenilenilo, apolisi kapena akuluakulu amtundu uliwonse kapena aliyense mdziko lanu. Chachiwiri, muyenera kutsimikizira kuti boma silinachitepo kanthu kuti mukhale otetezeka kapena, choyipitsitsa, lathandiza omwe akukuzunzani.
Pansi pa malamulo aku United States osamukira kudziko lina, izi ndi zifukwa zopempha kuti atetezedwe:
- Malingaliro andale
- Zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo
- Amakhala mgulu linalake.
- Mtundu kapena dziko
- Kukhala ogonana ochepa.
- Zolinga zothandiza
Kuti mupeze chitetezo ku US, muyenera kuwonetsa kuti mlanduwo siwanthu wamba ndipo umalumikizidwa ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa. Chifukwa chake, kwa asitikali ankhondo kuzunzidwa, kuzunzidwa ndi asitikali kapena wamkulu, kuyenera kukhazikitsa zifukwa zakumenyanako.
1. Anthu omwe amazunza anzawo pazifukwa zandale, kapena chifukwa ali mchipembedzo china, gulu, fuko, dziko.
2. Anthu opezeka olakwa.
3. Anthu omwe amaopseza United States ngati pali zifukwa zomveka zokhulupirira ngozi imeneyi.
4. Anthu omwe apalamula milandu mdziko lawo akuyesera kuthawa udindo mdera la United States.
5. Anthu okhala kwanthawi zonse mdera lina, kupatula kwawo, asanafike ku United States.
Chimodzi mwazifukwa zopezera chitetezo pandale ku United States chili ndi tanthauzo ndi zomwe zili. Mwambiri, timafotokoza zomwe zimayambitsa.
Malingaliro andale
Nkhani 19 ya Chidziwitso Chadziko Lonse la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe . , imavomereza kuti aliyense ali ndi ufulu kukhala ndi ufulu wolankhula zakukhosi kwake; Mfundo imeneyi imatsimikiziridwa ndi Nkhani 19 ya Pangano Lapadziko Lonse Lokhudza Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Ndale .
Wopemphayo ayenera kupereka umboni wazifukwa zomveka zoopa kuzunzidwa chifukwa cholalikira zikhulupirirozi. Izi zikusonyeza kuti malingaliro aboma pazikhulupiriro za wopemphayo ndi zikhulupiriro zosalolera zomwe wopemphayo kapena akuluakulu a wopemphayo adamuuza, kuti wopemphayo kapena ena adakhalapo momwemonso, azunzidwa chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro zawo kapena awopsezedwa ndi iwo. njira.
Zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo
Chidziwitso Chachilengedwe cha 1948 Ufulu Wanthu ndi Pangano Lapadziko Lonse Lapadziko Lonse Pamaufulu ndi Zandale , ikulengeza ufulu wamaganizidwe, chikumbumtima ndi chipembedzo. Ufuluwu umaphatikizaponso ufulu wosankha, kusintha chipembedzo ndi ufulu wofalitsa zikhulupiriro zawo, ufulu wachipembedzo, kupembedza ndi kulolerana ndi miyambo yachipembedzo.
Zitsanzo za chizunzo chachipembedzo ndi monga:
- kuletsa kutenga nawo mbali m'mabungwe achipembedzo;
- kuletsa zochitika zachipembedzo m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri;
- kuletsa maphunziro achipembedzo ndi maphunziro;
-kusankhana chifukwa chokhala m'chipembedzo.
Amakhala mgulu linalake.
Magulu azikhalidwe nthawi zambiri amasonkhanitsa anthu ochokera komweko, omwe ali ndi moyo wofanana kapena wofanana (ophunzira, opuma pantchito, amalonda). Kuzunzidwa chifukwa cha izi nthawi zambiri kumatsagana ndi kuwopa kuzunzidwa, pazifukwa zina, monga mtundu, chipembedzo, komanso dziko.
Mutu 2 wa 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights limatanthawuza komwe dziko limachokera komanso chikhalidwe pakati pa mitundu ya tsankho potengera zomwe ziyenera kuletsedwa. Zomwezi zimapezekanso mu Pangano Lapadziko Lonse Pazachuma, Zachikhalidwe ndi Chikhalidwe komanso Mgwirizano Wapadziko Lonse pa Ufulu Wachikhalidwe ndi Ndale, 1966.
Mtundu kapena dziko
Yatsani Msonkhano wa 1951 , kumasulira kwa mawuwa nzika sikuti amangokhala ndi lingaliro la mtundu Zimaphatikizaponso kutenga nawo mbali mtundu wina wachipembedzo, wachipembedzo kapena wazilankhulo ndipo zitha kufanana ndi lingaliro la mtundu. Momwemonso, kuzunzidwa chifukwa cha mafuko kapena mayiko kumafotokozedwa mobwerezabwereza mwamwano ndipo zimaphatikizaponso njira zotsutsana ndi mayiko ang'onoang'ono ( achipembedzo, mafuko ).
Ngati Boma lili ndi magulu amitundu kapena azilankhulo, sizotheka kusiyanitsa kuzunzidwa chifukwa cha mafuko ndi kuzunza kwawo pazikhulupiriro zawo, kuphatikizika kwa mayendedwe andale ndi mtundu wina, ndiye, pakadali pano, ndikofunikira kuti akambirane zina mwazifukwa zomwe akuimbira mlandu.
Ogonana ochepa
Ngakhale lamuloli limapatsa ufulu ndi ufulu wofanana kwa amuna ndi nzika, milandu yakugwiriridwa chifukwa chakuchita zachiwerewere siachilendo. Zitsanzo za kuzunzidwa kwa anthu ochepa kungakhale kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kuphwanya maubwenzi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kusalidwa kuntchito komanso pantchito. Chitsanzo cha chizunzo chikhozanso kukhala kuletsa kwa Mabungwe a LGBT , kuletsa ufulu wamsonkhano komanso kusonkhana mwamtendere.
Zolinga zothandiza
Ichi ndi chifukwa china, koma chisankho chodziyimira pawokha choyenera kulowa ndikukhalabe ku United States. Imaperekedwa pazifukwa zothandiza anthu. Chisankho chololeza kulowa ku United States chimaperekedwa ndi mlembi wa United States Dipatimenti Yachitetezo Chawo . Chifukwa chake, chisankho chololeza laisensiyo chitha kukhala pazifukwa zachipatala komanso zothandiza anthu, komanso zina zadzidzidzi.
Ubwino wake wothawirako ndi chiyani?
Asylee, kapena munthu amene alandila chitetezo, amatetezedwa kuti asabwezeredwe kudziko lakwawo, amaloledwa kugwira ntchito ku United States, atha kulembetsa khadi lazachitetezo cha anthu , mutha kupempha chilolezo kuti mupite kudziko lina, ndipo mutha kulembetsa kuti mubweretse abale anu ku United States. Ma Asylees amathanso kulandira phindu lina, monga Medicaid kapena Refugee Medical Assistance.
Pakatha chaka chimodzi, asylee atha kulembetsa kukhala nzika zovomerezeka (mwachitsanzo khadi yobiriwira). Munthuyo akangokhala nzika zonse, ayenera kudikirira zaka zinayi kuti akalembetse kukhala nzika zadziko.
Njira yofunsira chitetezo ndi chiyani?
Pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zomwe munthu angalembetsere kuthawira ku United States: njira kuvomereza ndi ndondomeko chodzitchinjiriza . Ofuna kupulumuka omwe amafika ku doko lolowera ku US kapena kulowa ku United States osayang'aniridwa amayenera kupereka fomu yofunsira chitetezo. Njira ziwirizi zimafuna kuti wofunsayo apezeke ku United States.
- Chitetezo chovomerezeka: Munthu amene sakuchotsa milandu atha kulembetsa ku United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), gawo la Dipatimenti Yachitetezo Chawo ( DHS ) . Ngati ofesi ya USCIS siyikupempha pempholi ndipo wopemphayo alibe chilolezo chololedwa, atumizidwa ku khothi la anthu osamukira kudziko lina kuti akachotse milandu, komwe angayambitsenso pempho lawo podzitchinjiriza. Ndikuwonekera pamaso pa woweruza milandu .
- Chitetezo chodzitchinjiriza: Munthu amene akuwachotsa atha kufunsira chitetezo polemba fomu yofunsira ndi woweruza waku immigration ku Executive Office for Immigration Review ( ZOYAMBA ) ku Dipatimenti Yachilungamo. Mwanjira ina, pempho likufunidwa ngati chitetezo pothana ndi kuchotsedwa ku U.S. Mosiyana ndi makhothi, EOIR sapereka loya wosankhidwa wa anthu omwe ali kubwalo lamilandu, ngakhale atakhala kuti sangakhale ndi loya wa akaunti yanu.
Wokhala ndi loya kapena wopanda, wofunafuna chitetezo amakhala ndi cholemetsa chotsimikizira kuti amakwaniritsa tanthauzo la othawa kwawo. Ofuna kupulumutsidwa nthawi zambiri amapereka umboni wokwanira munthawi zovomereza komanso zodzitchinjiriza zomwe zikuwonetsa kuzunzidwa m'mbuyomu kapena kuti ali ndi mantha oyenera kuzunzidwa mtsogolo mdziko lakwawo. Komabe, umboni wa munthu mwiniwake nthawi zambiri umakhala wofunikira pakutsimikiza kwawo ngati angatetezedwe.
Zinthu zina zimalepheretsa chitetezo cha anthu. Kupatula zochepa, anthu omwe sapempha kuti atetezedwe chaka chimodzi kulowa mu United States sangathe kulandira. Momwemonso, ofunsira omwe angaike chiwopsezo ku United States amaletsedwa kuthawirako.
Kodi pali tsiku lomaliza lamapemphelo achitetezo?
Nthawi zambiri munthu amafunika kufunsira chitetezo chaka chimodzi chofika ku United States. Zowona kuti DHS ikufunika kuti izidziwitse omwe akufuna kupulumutsidwa za nthawi yomalizira iyi ndi nkhani yomwe ikuyembekezeredwa. Lamulo lamilandu latsutsa kulephera kwa boma kupatsa opempha chitetezo kwa chaka chimodzi ndi njira yofananira yoperekera mapulogalamu munthawi yake.
Omwe akufuna kupulumutsidwa povomereza ndikudzitchinjiriza amakumana ndi zopinga zambiri pokumana ndi chaka chimodzi. Anthu ena amakumana ndi zovuta zochokera kumangidwa kwawo kapena nthawi yopita ku United States ndipo mwina sangadziwe kuti pali tsiku lomaliza.
Ngakhale iwo omwe amadziwa tsiku lomalizira amakumana ndi zopinga, monga kuchedwa kwakanthawi, zomwe zitha kupangitsa kuti zisamaperekedwe munthawi yake. Nthawi zambiri, kusowa tsiku lomaliza chaka chimodzi ndiye chifukwa chokha chomwe boma limakanira pempho loti atetezedwe.
Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani kwa omwe akufuna kupulumutsidwa omwe amafika kumalire a United States?
Osakhala nzika omwe amakumana kapena kukawuza akuluakulu aku US padoko lolowera kapena pafupi ndi malire amamvera kuthamangitsidwa mwachangu , njira yofulumizitsa yomwe imapatsa mphamvu DHS kuthamangitsa anthu ena mwachangu.
Kuonetsetsa kuti United States sikuphwanya malamulo adziko lonse komanso akunja pobweza anthu kumayiko omwe moyo wawo kapena ufulu wawo ungakhale pachiwopsezo, a mantha odalirika ndi njira zomveka za kuzindikira kwa mantha amapezeka kwa omwe akufuna kupulumutsidwa posachedwa pochotsa.
Mantha odalirika
Anthu omwe amayikidwa munjira zothamangitsira mwachangu omwe amauza wogwira ntchito ku Customs ndi Border Protection ( CBP ) omwe amawopa kuzunzidwa, kuzunzidwa kapena kubwerera kudziko lawo kapena omwe akufuna kulembetsa m'mene angatetezedwe ayenera kutumizidwa kukayankha zowona zowunikira zomwe zachitika. ndi woyang'anira chitetezo.
Ngati wogwirizirayo awona kuti wopemphayo ali ndi mantha oyenera kuzunzidwa kapena kuzunzidwa, zikutanthauza kuti munthuyo wasonyeza kuti ali ndi kuthekera kokhazikitsa kuyenera kwa chitetezo kapena chitetezo china pansi pa Msonkhano Wotsutsana ndi Kuzunzidwa. Munthuyo apititsidwa ku khothi lachilendo kuti akapitilize njira yodzitchinjiriza.
Ngati wogwirizira asankha munthuyo ayi ali ndi mantha odalirika, kuthamangitsidwa kwa munthuyo kumalamulidwa. Asanathamangitsidwe, munthuyo atha kupanga apilo chigamulo choyipa chakuwunika kudzera munjira yowunikirayi pamaso pa woweruza milandu. Woweruza woloza zakunja akasintha zomwe zapezeka chifukwa cha mantha odalirika, munthuyo amayikidwa munjira zochotsera momwe munthuyo angatetezere kuti asachotsedwe. Woweruza wolandila anthu aku America akatsimikiza kuti woyipayo sanapeze cholakwika, munthuyo amuchotsa ku United States.
- M'chaka chachuma 2017, USCIS idapeza kuti anthu 60,566 anali ndi mantha odalirika. Anthuwa, omwe ambiri mwa iwo adasungidwa panthawiyi, adzakhala ndi mwayi wofunsira chitetezo podzitchinjiriza ndikutsimikizira kuti amakwaniritsa tanthauzo la othawa kwawo.
- Chiwerengero cha milandu yodalirika yakwera kwambiri Popeza njirayi idakhazikitsidwa: M'chaka chachuma cha 2009, USCIS idamaliza milandu 5,523. Kutsiliza kwamilandu kunafika nthawi yayitali mu 2016 pazaka 92,071 ndipo kunatsikira ku 79,977 mchaka cha 2017.
Mantha oyenera
Anthu omwe amalowanso ku United States mosaloledwa atalamulidwa kale kale komanso omwe si nzika zamilandu zina amalandila njira yochotsera mwachangu yotchedwa kubwezeretsanso kuchotsedwa .
Pofuna kuteteza anthu ofuna kupulumutsidwa kuti asachotsedwe pempho lawo, omwe abwezeretsa njira zawo omwe akuwopa kuti abwerera kudziko lawo amakhala ndi mantha oyankhulana ndi mdindo.
Kuti asonyeze mantha oyenera, munthuyo akuyenera kuwonetsa kuti pali kuthekera kwakuti adzazunzidwa mdziko lakuthamangitsidwa kapena kuzunzidwa chifukwa cha mtundu, chipembedzo, dziko, malingaliro andale, kapena umembala wa dziko linalake. gulu. Ngakhale mantha odalirika komanso oyenera amawunika kuthekera kozunzidwa kapena kuzunzidwa kwa munthu ngati atachotsedwa, mulingo woyenera wamantha ndiwokwera kwambiri.
Mkulu woyang'anira chitetezo atawona kuti munthuyo ali ndi mantha oyenera kuzunzidwa kapena kuzunzidwa, apititsidwa ku khothi loyendera alendo. Munthuyo ali ndi mwayi woti awonetsere woweruza zakubwera kudziko lina kuti ali ndi ufulu woletsa kuchotsedwa kapena kuchotsedwa, kutetezedwa pamilandu yamtsogolo kapena kuzunzidwa. Ngakhale kuletsa kuchotsedwa kuli kofanana ndi kuthawira kwina, zofunikira zina ndizovuta kuzikwaniritsa ndipo thandizo lomwe limapereka ndilochepa. Chachikulu, ndipo mosiyana ndi chitetezo, sichimapereka njira yokhazikika mokhalitsa.
Ngati wogwirizira asankha munthuyo ayi ali ndi mantha oyenera kuzunzidwa kapena kuzunzidwa mtsogolomo, munthuyo atha kukadandaula chigamulo cholakwika kwa woweruza milandu. Woweruza akatsimikiza kutsimikiza kwa woyang'anira chitetezo, munthuyo amaperekedwa kwa oyang'anira olowa m'dziko kuti amuchotse. Komabe, ngati woweruza waku immigration abweza zomwe wapolisi wopezera chitetezo adachita, munthuyo amayikidwa munjira yotumizira momwe munthuyo angatetezedwe kuti asathamangitsidwe.
- M'chaka chachuma 2017, USCIS idapeza kuti anthu 3,018 iwo anali ndi mantha oyenera.
Kodi njira yopezera chitetezo imatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Mwambiri, njira zopulumutsira zimatha kutenga zaka kuti zithe. Nthawi zina, munthu amatha kulembetsa ndikulandila tsiku lomvera kapena kuyankhulana zaka zingapo zikubwerazi.
- Kuyambira mu Marichi 2018, panali opitilira 318,000 ofunsira m'mene angatetezedwe kuvomereza podikira ndi USCIS . Boma silikuganizira kuti zingatenge nthawi yotani kuyankhulana koyambirira kwa omwe akufuna kupulumukiraku, ngakhale kale kuti kuchedwa kumatha kukhala kwa zaka zinayi kwa omwe akufuna kupulumutsidwa.
- Pulogalamu ya kubwerera kumbuyo ku makhothi olowa alendo ku United States zafika mu Marichi 2018 ndi milandu yopitilira 690,000 yotulutsidwa. Pafupifupi, awa milandu inali ikuyembekezeredwa kwa masiku 718 ndipo sanasankhidwe.
- Anthu omwe ali ndi khothi lamilandu yosamukira kudziko lina omwe pamapeto pake adathandizidwa, monga kupulumutsidwa, mu Marichi 2018 adadikirira masiku opitilira 1,000 pafupifupi izi. New Jersey ndi California anali ndi nthawi zodikirira kwambiri, pafupifupi 1,300 masiku mpaka atapatsidwa chithandizo pankhani yakusamukira.
Omwe akufuna kupulumutsidwa, komanso abale omwe akudikirira kuti agwirizane nawo, amasiyidwa ali m'mimba pomwe mlandu wawo ukuyembekezera. Kuchedwa ndi kuchedwa kumatha kuyambitsa kulekana kwakutali kwa mabanja othawa kwawo, kusiya achibale akunja m'malo owopsa, ndikupangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri kupeza loya wa pro bono panthawi yamilandu wofunafuna chitetezo.
Ngakhale ofunafuna chitetezo atha kulembetsa chilolezo chantchito mlandu wawo ukadikirira masiku 150, kusatsimikizika kwa tsogolo lawo kumalepheretsa anthu kupeza ntchito, maphunziro komanso mwayi woti achire.